山度士100周年纪念款_山度士100金价格

1.谁帮我搞到关于咖啡的英文资料

2.浪琴994机芯超薄手表有18k金的吗？

鉴别真伪要把握好以下几点:(适用所有品牌手表)

1.工艺。真表做工精致细腻，接缝处严密灵活，边角处圆滑无角，电镀均匀光亮。表面和背面的文字清晰。

2.包装。真表包装极讲究，表盒很漂亮，内有制作精美的说明书或质保卡;表的都较粗糙，甚至没有这些包装物等。

3.来源。真表有正式，卖价与公价不会相差太多。如果几百元或千把元就买得到的劳力士表或几百元的浪琴表，那绝对是表。

如果自己还是不能辨别该手表的真伪 ，那就拿到表店请师傅一验机芯(真区别主要在机芯)，

浪琴表型号解释

以L4.635.2.1.1.1为例

第一组数字L1，代表浪琴表的系列编号

L1：Conquest康卡斯系列 以凸表边为标志,蓝宝石水晶表镜,30-100米防水,石英表和自动表,皮带和金属带

L2: Nnvigntor 航空导航表，全系列均为自动表，30米防水。

L3：Admiral 海军上将系列（ 奥泊斯，金徽系列）全系列均为自动表，运动型，30-200米防水，蓝宝石水晶表镜。配旋转外圈。

L4：Les Granden 古典系列，设计庄重典雅，多数为石英表，30米防水，均配皮表带

嘉岚系列，超薄设计，石英表，蓝宝石水晶表镜，30米防水，皮带和金属带

L5：君旗系列 多为石英表，蓝宝石水晶表镜，30米防水，全部配金属带

L6：Rodolphe,ladies 时装表系列

L7：Other watches 其他表：怀表，特殊纪念表，中国型等

第二组数字635 表示产品编号

1**为女表，5**为中号表，6**为男表

第三组数字 2 是材料表示

2为镀金，3为镀金和钢，4为全钢，5为金和铜，6为金

7为金和钻，8为钛和金，9为钛和镀金，0为全钢镶钻

第四组数字 1 表示表盘颜色

1为白色，2为灰白色，3为金色，5为黑色，7为灰色

9为蓝色

第五组数字 1 表示小时指示

1为罗马数字，2为刻度，3为阿拉伯数字

5为两种以上指示并用，7和8为钻

第六组数字 1 为表带

1和2为皮带，3为链带

谁帮我搞到关于咖啡的英文资料

卡地亚家族在19世纪中叶已是闻名遐尔的法国珠宝金银首饰制造名家。路易.卡地亚是当时颇受皇室权贵赏识的金饰工艺家。1888年，卡地亚尝试在镶嵌钻石的黄金手镯上装上机械女装表。1904年为老朋友山度士(SANTOS)而制造的金表一跑打响。从此卡地亚手表一直是上流社会的宠物，历久不衰。 卡地亚表除了一部分由设在巴黎的总厂所制造之外，还有相当一部分与"爱彼""积家""百达翡丽""江诗丹顿""欧洲钟表公司"等著名公司签约特制。其功能造型工艺等可谓博各家之长，荟萃精华，因而天地广阔。卡地亚凭着国际名牌集团优势，生产并销售高档手饰，尤其女用手提包，深得贵族与富豪青睐，国际明星李玫就是担任该公司的亚洲区的代言人。 品牌历史： 卡地亚的故事开始于1847年。Louis-Francois Cartier(1819-1904)接手师傅Adolphe Picard在巴黎rue Montorgueil 31号店铺，卡地亚就这样诞生。 1856年，拿破仑三世执政。巴黎经过一番后，又恢复昔日的浮华气象，舞会盛宴成为经常的社交活动，豪华风气大大推动第二帝国的商业活动。 卡地亚得到拿破仑年轻堂妹Mathilde公主的推荐，业务增长，并于1859年迁往巴黎最时髦的地区Boulevard des Italiens 9号。Louis-Francois Cartier吸引Eugenie皇后的注意，并成为国际著名时装设计师Worth的好友，两家人自此开始长期合作，最后并结成亲家。 Louis-Francois Cartier希望能建立家庭事业，将工艺传授于儿子Alfred(1841-1925)，并让他以合伙人身份参与业务，最后在1874年将店铺交与他经营。Alfred则在1898年和长子Louis合作打理店铺。 1899年，卡地亚作出重要的一步，将店铺迁移至巴黎高级商品中心rue de la Paix 13号，一步步地实现理想中的事业。Alfred由这个时候开始将国际业务交予长子Louis(1875-1942)负责。 1902年，他要儿子Jacques(1884-1942)到伦敦开分店，另一儿子Pierre(1878-1965)到纽约开分店。纽约第五街的Morton Plant大楼成为卡地亚的总部。 父子相传仅两代，卡地亚便成为世界上最著名的珠宝商。 Louis是一个天才横溢的设计家及倍具品位与商业头脑的人。他对珍贵的饰物及制造手表眼镜付出同样的心血，投下精巧的工艺技术，取得很多专利。他亦从这些领域真正感觉到自己在设计制造方面的天分。他的身边有很多著名的设计师，包括Charles Jacqueau，并得到许多技艺高超的工匠和Maurice Couet及Edmond Jaeger帮助。他找到不少忠心的合伙人如Jeanne Toussaint。不论是传统设计或独特的构图，他都成功地给予和谐协调，令他们都呈现卡地亚的风格。在Louis Cartier的管理之下，卡地亚不断地创新。在提升高级珠宝、手表、眼镜及配件的同时，亦为贵重货品市场新形式奠定基础。Louis及Jacques两兄弟相继弃世，这个经历4代建立的文化传统，相继散发其对世界的魅力。卡地亚由Robert Hocq接手，他决定要在这个卓越的成就上继续发展，继续一贯着眼未来的传统。 1969年，Alain-Dominique Perrin加入卡地亚，并于年成立卡地亚当代艺术基金会，显示他决心将卡地亚和艺术家结合一起进入21世纪。 卡地亚，这个被英国威尔斯亲王誉为“皇帝的珠宝商，珠宝商的皇帝”的著名品牌，在100余年中，创作了许许多多光彩夺目的美妙作品。这些作品，不仅作为珠宝创作的精品而在艺术上也值得欣赏玩味，而且往往因曾归属名人，而被蒙上一层色彩。从印度王子订制的巨大项链，到曾与温莎公爵夫人行影相随的虎形眼镜，以及大文人科克托充满象征符号的法兰西学院佩剑，卡地亚讲述着一个又一个故事。 卡地亚的故事始于1874年，宗师Louis Francois Cartier（1819-1904）接手师傅Adolphe Picard在巴黎Rue Mon-torgueil31号店铺，卡地亚就这样诞生。 父子相传两代，卡地亚家族在19世纪中叶已是闻名遐尔的法国珠宝金银首饰制造名家。英国威尔斯亲王赞誉卡地亚为“皇帝的珠宝商，珠宝商的皇帝”，英国皇室更向卡地亚订购了27顶加冕用的。1904年，爱德华七世称誉为“英国皇室的珠宝商”，欧洲多国的皇室也发出皇室委任状。 时至今日，卡地亚的艺术领域不断拓展，旗下产品除饰物钟表外，还包括皮具、香水、书写工具、丝巾、眼镜、打火机，其经典地位屹立不倒。 别致优雅的Baignore手表系列，源自1912年卡地亚为Plovna公爵夫人设计的手表。揉合珍珠与钻石的特色，不但给佩戴者增添高贵气派，更见证了卡地亚的重要历史时刻。 卡地亚白金机械手表，以人手镶嵌打磨，汇众了白金的璀璨光华及出类拔萃的制表工艺，不愧为非同凡响的经典杰作，款款皆工艺卓越，浑然天成。 卡地亚犹如一位客串的演艺明星，时常在广阔的舞台上扮演着自己的角色。知名导演都在他们的作品中运用卡地亚，他们包括Cukor、Lubitsch、希区考克、克多和怀尔德。在**《美女与野兽》中，主角Josette Day滴下的那滴钻石眼泪，就是由卡地亚提供的；女演员Gloria Swanson戴着的用钻石、白金和水晶石制作的手镯，是卡地亚于1930年制作的经典名品…… 卡地亚找代言人都找最当红的。象风情万种的舒淇、跃登国际歌坛的李玟、型男张震都成了卡地亚的“猎物”。天后李玟的手表都是卡地亚的，家里还有五六个卡地亚的包，其中一个是任卡地亚代言人获赠的全球限量六百个的Disco包。而张震出席任何活动都会戴上卡地亚Santos———表面有八颗螺丝图案的经典表款。还有宣萱、梁咏琪、黎姿、林峰、胡兵等演艺明星，也是卡地亚的拥趸，像玉女梁咏琪对卡地亚情有独钟，拥有多款卡地亚手表，帅哥胡兵更不惜重金购买了一款全世界限量只有20块的卡地亚手表。 卡地亚的品牌历史：1847年，Louis-Francois Cartier接掌其师Adolphe Picard位于巴黎Montorgueil街29号的珠宝工坊，卡地亚品牌于此诞生。 1899年卡地亚迁往现址，巴黎和平街13号。其后由卡地亚三兄弟Louis、Pierre和Jacques继承家业。他们的足迹踏遍了世界各地，从印度到俄罗斯，从波斯湾到新大陆。1902年和1909年卡地亚分别在伦敦和纽约成立分公司，从此奠定了卡地亚的基础。 卡地亚很快就获得了欧洲王室的青睐。1902年即将登基为爱德华七世的威尔斯王子曾经赞誉卡地亚为“皇帝的珠宝商，珠宝商的皇帝”。他并于1904年委任卡地亚为英国王室的珠宝供应商。卡地亚三兄弟游历世界所体验的异国文化，深深地影响了卡地亚精品的风格。 今天无论是高级珠宝、还是当代珠宝系列，例如Le Baiser du Dragon(龙之吻系列)，卡地亚精品都本着出色的制作工艺、独特风格和专业技术，来传达出品牌的价值。 早在怀表和腕表大量普及之前，卡地亚就表现出对钟表制作的高度兴趣。在1888年的卡地亚档案中提到了第一只女用腕表，对Louis Cartier而言这是未来的大势所趋。1904年，他为巴西的飞行员好友Santos-Dumont制作了Santos腕表。这款表的成功促使卡地亚继续推出其他表款，形成了卡地亚二十世纪的钟表制作传统：Tonneau腕表(1906)、Tortue腕表(1912)、Tank腕表(1919)、Baignoire腕表(1957)、Panthère腕表(1983)、Pasha de Cartier腕表(1985)、Tank fran?aisee腕表(1996)。Collection Privée Cartier Paris系列：19年卡地亚决定将旗下的经典表款和最出色的手工腕表整合成为一个系列，其中包括Roadster腕表(2002)、Déclaration腕表(2003)、Santos 100腕表(2004)等。 1911年，卡地亚推出了众所周知的经典发明：卡地亚魅幻时钟。漂浮在空气中的时钟指针，仿佛脱离机芯独自运行。魅幻时钟的制作技术，至今仍是卡地亚不肯透露的独门绝活。魅幻时钟拥有多种不同款式，包括“chimera”钟和模仿佛教寺院的“portico”钟。 无论是造型腕表、简单或复杂机械表，它们都传达了卡地亚品牌对钟表工艺的挚爱与坚持，在创新和丰富钟表内涵的领域里，卡地亚总是获得傲人的成绩。卡地亚钟表风格一脉相承的特色，展现在每一件腕表上。其风格不仅受到全世界的推崇，同时更代表了品牌经典恒久的美学风范。如同问世至今已经满百岁高龄的Santos腕表，它依然给卡地亚新的表款系列赋予设计灵感。 品牌概念：身为“皇帝的珠宝商，珠宝商的皇帝”，卡地亚的目标不仅是单纯地制作珠宝和钟表，同时也试图以自身丰富、显赫的历史为基础，透过新的创作来表达出大胆前卫的风格。 卡地亚源源不绝的创意和出众的设计，已经成为钟表业界中的佼佼者。

浪琴994机芯超薄手表有18k金的吗？

咖啡的起源

咖啡树和咖啡食用的起源地公认在非洲，其具体地区说法不一，但多数人认为在东非的文明古国埃塞俄比亚。关于咖啡起源的时间则莫衷一是。

在咖啡的发现、起源和利用史上，有一个神奇的故事非常流行，我以为也较为符合实情。很久很久以前，埃塞俄比亚西南部咖法(Keffa)地区的牧羊少年卡尔迪(Kaldi)一次赶羊经过一片树林时，他的山羊群啃食路边大型灌木丛上的红果子。①卡尔迪无意中发现，山羊吃了红果子后异常兴奋，即使是老山羊也像小山羊一样奔跑跳跃。牧羊少年觉得奇怪，便也摘下一些果实品尝。结果自己也变得非常兴奋、精神，不由得手舞足蹈起来。咖啡(果可食用并能提神)就这样被人发现了。②人们把这种果子就叫成当地的地名“咖法”(keffa)，以后经过长期地传递和演变就成了今天的“咖啡”(coffee)。咖啡被发现后人们最初只是摘野生的果子食用，③后来才慢慢开始人工栽培。在食用方式上，最初是连肉带核(即咖啡—咖啡豆)一起嚼食，后来进步为把咖啡果泡水或煮水喝。④在用途上，最初主要用于宗教界的宗教活动和医生治病及病人恢复。埃塞俄比亚—红海一带基督教、犹太教都有，后来还有伊斯兰教。各种宗教的教士、修士、教徒嚼了咖啡果或喝了咖啡水后，在彻夜进行的宗教法事活动时便很有精神不打瞌睡。病人们嚼了它或喝了它也能恢复一些精神。

咖啡的食用、摘渐渐跨过非常狭窄的红海传入阿拉伯半岛。《中国大百科全书·农业卷·咖啡条》和《中国农业百科全书·农作物卷·咖啡条》说公元前6世纪阿拉伯人已开始栽种咀嚼食用咖啡，但它们没有例证和文献出处，不大可信。而且，从社会发展史角度审视，公元前6世纪阿拉伯半岛上的阿拉伯人(如当时已有“阿拉伯人”的话)还处于原始社会的野蛮时代。如果那时他们已有了农耕种植，那也只可能种植椰枣、麦子、瓜菜等粮食、蔬菜、多用途作物，而不可能栽培药用类、嗜好类、消闲类作物咖啡。因为当时的生产力水平只允许他们种植那些作物，以保证自己少挨饿，生存下去。新版《美国百科全书·咖啡条》认为，公元后6世纪阿拉伯人开始栽种食用(咀嚼)咖啡。⑤有的学者还把栽培利用咖啡的时代地点精确到公元575年在也门开始栽种。⑥我认为公元后6世纪开始栽培咖啡相对较为可信。由此推断，埃塞俄比亚人发现利用咖啡当在此前好长一段时期，或者在此前两三个世纪，即约公元3世纪。公元9—10世纪的阿拉伯医学家拉吉斯(Rhazes，865—932)在文献中首次明确提到了咖啡，即记载下有人将干咖啡果研碎后用水煎服当药喝

First, coffee origin Coffee-tree and coffee edible origin recognition in Africa, itsconcrete local view not one, but the most people think in EastAfrica's ancient nation Ethiopia. Time origins which about the coffeethen unable to agree. In in the coffee discovery, the origin and the use history, somemysterious story is extremely popular, I thought also conforms to thetruth. Before very long very long time, the Ethiopian north west 咖law (Keffa) the area tends sheep young Cull to enlighten (Kaldi) timeto catch up with when the sheep passes through woods, his mountainflock of sheep gnaws on the food roadside large-scale shrubbery thered fruit. (1) Cull enlightens accidentally discovered that, after thegoat ate the red fruit exceptionally to be excited, even if were theold goat also likes the small goat equally to run jumps. Tends sheepthe youth to think strangely, then also takes off some fruits totaste. Result also change extremely excitedly, the spirit, cannot helpbut dances with joy. The coffee (fruit might edible and can stimulate)on is discovered like this by the person. (2) The people are calledthe locality the geographic name this kind of fruit "咖 the law"(keffa), later passes through for a long time the transmission and theevolution has bee today "the coffee" (coffee). The coffee wasdiscovered the posterity only are at first pick the wild fruit edible,(3) afterwards only then slowly started artificially to cultivate. Inthe edible way, is at first Lian Roudai the nucleus (namely coffeeseed - coffee bean) chews the food together, afterwards progressed forsoaks in water the coffee fruit or 煮水 drinks. (4) In the use,mainly uses in at first religious circles' religious activities anddoctor treats an illness and the patient restores. Area the Ethiopian- red sea Christianity, the Judaism all he, afterwards also had theIslamism. After each kind of religious priest, the member of areligious order, the believer has chewed the coffee fruit or has drunkthe coffee water, in carries on all night when religious Buddhistceremony activity then very much has the spirit not to hit sleepily.The patients he chewed it or drink it also to be able to restoresome spirits. The coffee edible, picks gradually bridged over extremely narrow redsea to spread to the Arabian Peninsula. "Chinese Big EncyclopediaAgriculture Volume Coffee Strip" and "Chinese Agriculture EncyclopediaCrops Volume Coffee Strip" said the B.C.E. 6 centuries Arabs startedto plant chew the edible coffee, but they do not he the illustrationand the literature source, is not greatly credible. Moreover,carefully examined from the social development history angle, B.C.E.in 6 centuries Arabian Peninsula Arabs (at that time if had "Arab"speech) also is in primitive society the barbarism. If at that timethey had the agriculture to plough the planter, that also onlypossibly plants 椰枣, grain, the vegetables, the multipurpose cropsand so on wheat, melon vegetable, but is impossible to cultivate kind,the hobby class for medicinal purposes, whiles away the time the kindof crops coffee. Because then productive forces level only allowedthem to plant these crops, guaranteed oneself little starved, thesurvival got down. New edition "American Encyclopedia Coffee Strip"believed that, A.D. the latter 6 centuries Arab starts to plant edible(chews) the coffee. (5) Some scholars also precisely start thecultivation using the coffee time place until the A.D. 575 years inYemen to plant. (6) I thought the A.D. latter 6 centuries startrelatively to cultivate the coffee to be credible. From this theinference, the Ethiopian discovered using the coffee works as inbefore this good long section of times, or in before this 23centuries, namely roximately A.D. 3 centuries. A.D. 9 - 10centuries Arabic medical scientists pull lucky Si (Rhazes, 865 - 932)explicitly mentioned for the first time in the literature the coffee,after namely under the record some people will do the coffee fruit togrind the water used to fry the clothing when the medicine will drink

三、咖啡在全世界的传播和咖啡馆文化

欧洲人和其他国家的人接触到咖啡饮料后，有的人便很快喜欢上了。商人和资产者更垂涎于咖啡带来的效益和利润。但是在地理现时代(15世纪末—17世纪末)，欧洲或其他任何帝国对奥斯曼土耳其还不具有军事优势(须知土耳其甚至在1529年和1683年两次大举围攻维也纳)。还无法取军事暴力手段来获取咖啡苗(诸如击败土军，占领某地，抢走当地的咖啡树和咖啡果)。面对土耳其的严厉控制政策，既不能合法进口，又无力武装抢夺；于是人们只好设法去“偷”，从而演绎出咖啡外传的诸多有趣故事。1616年，荷兰人从也门摩卡港躲过土耳其严格检查，偷运出一株咖啡树苗。②他们驾船走葡萄牙人开辟的新航路经阿拉伯海、印度洋、大西洋、英吉利海峡绕道回国。但欧洲的气候水土不适合热带亚热带植物咖啡树的生长，荷兰人只好把它作为实验树栽培在暖房里。1656年荷兰人侵入锡兰(斯里兰卡)。1658年荷兰人就在锡兰岛上进行咖啡树苗的大田种植并获成功。③1603年荷兰人在印尼爪哇岛上建立起第一个商站一殖民据点，1619年荷兰人侵占雅加达，并把它改名为巴达维亚。1696年荷兰人从印度西南部沿海的马拉巴尔(Malabar)地区运进咖啡树苗和把它们栽种在印尼爪哇巴达维亚的种植园。经过一点波折后终获成功，并很快获益赢利。④

不过印度西南部的咖啡林却不是荷兰人或其他西欧人传去的，而是由当地的一位叫巴巴·布丹(Baba Budan)的人于17世纪30年代传入的。作为一个虔诚的穆斯林，巴巴·布丹去过伊教的圣城麦加朝圣。返回时他把七粒能发芽的咖啡豆()紧贴在肚皮上，躲过了土耳其人的检查，成功地“偷”回了他在印度西南部的家乡。从此，咖啡开始在南亚生根栽培了。⑤

综上可知，东非埃塞俄比亚人民发现了咖啡，阿拉伯人民栽培了咖啡，中国人民促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众饮料，土耳其人民发明了咖啡最正宗最科学的饮用法，南亚人民也参与了传播咖啡。可见，咖啡能成为世界三大饮料之一，非、亚、欧洲人民都为之做出了贡献。不过，对咖啡最钟爱，把咖啡馆(文化)发展得最繁荣，把咖啡传播得最远的是欧洲人民。

1615年商人把进口的咖啡豆运回开设咖啡馆经营。[3](P11)这大概是欧洲的第一家咖啡馆。不过，咖啡馆老板使用的是进口的土耳其咖啡而非在意大利种出来的咖啡。1650年，英国牛津出现英国的首家咖啡馆，1652年，伦敦出现咖啡馆。[4](n78-179)1643年，巴黎开设了首家咖啡馆，1650年，马赛也开设了咖啡馆……。[4](P161)1684年，维也纳出现首家咖啡馆。[4](P52)到17世纪末18世纪初，咖啡馆在欧洲特别是西欧各大中小城市已雨后春笋般出现，迅速普及。

从此欧洲(包括后来的北美)的社会生活和风俗习惯中多了喝咖啡这项内容，街头多了咖啡馆这道风景线。人们在咖啡馆里休闲，聊天，看简易的文艺表演，谈生意，议论国是，吃零食，谈情说爱，咖啡馆成了与中国茶馆媲美的一种西式休闲场所。一些文人、作家、艺术家在泡咖啡馆时构思了自己的作品；一些政客在咖啡馆里活动，一些罪犯在咖啡馆里策划犯罪，一些青楼女子也在咖啡馆里拉客……咖啡馆成了欧美人民的重要社交场所。

Third, coffee in world dissemination and cafe culture After the European and other national people contact the coffeedrink, some people then very quickly liked. The merchant and theproperty drool the benefit and the profit which brings to the coffee.But in the geography big discovery time (15 century's ends - 17century's ends), Europe or other any empires did not he the militarysuperiority to the Osman Turkey (notice Turkey even and in 1683 two ona large scale besieges Vienna in 1529). Also is unable to adopt themilitary violence method to gain the coffee seedling (such as todefeat 土军, seizes some place, snatches locality coffee-tree andcoffee fruit). Facing Turkey's severe control policy, both cannotlegitimately import, and incapably arms robs; Thereupon the peoplehe to try "to steal", thus deducts the coffee unauthorized biographymany interesting stories. In 1616, the Dutch hid Turkey from theYemenese 摩卡port strictly to inspect, smuggle a coffee seedling.(2) They harness the ship to walk the Portugese opening new routeafter the Arabic sea, Indian Ocean, Atlantic, the English Channeldetour to return to homeland. But Europe's climate water and soil doesnot suit the tropics suropics plant coffee-tree the growth, theDutch has to take it the experimental tree cultivation in thegreenhouse. In 1656 the Dutch invaded Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka). In 1658the Dutch on carried on the coffee seedling on the Sri Lankan islandthe big field planter and attains successfully. (3) In 1603 the Dutchestablished the first business on the Indonesian Ja island to standas soon as colonizes the foothold, in 1619 the Dutch invaded Jakarta,and changed name it as 巴达维亚. In 1696 the Dutch (Malabar) thearea transported the coffee seedling and the seed from Indian northwest coast Malabar plants them in the Indonesian Ja 巴达维亚plantation. The end attains successfully after twists and turns, andvery quickly oains benefits the profit. (4) But the Indian north west coffee forest actually is not the Dutch orother westerners passes on, but is calls anxiously the bhutan (BabaBudan) by local the person spreads to the 17th century 30's. As areverent Muslim religion, anxiously the bhutan goes to holy city Meccawhich Iraq teaches to go on a pilgrimage. Returns when he the coffeebean which can germinate seven grains (seed) tightly pastes on thebelly, has hidden Turk's inspection, the successful place "stole" hasreturned to him in the Indian north west hometown. From this time on,the coffee started in the South Asia to take root to cultivate. (5) In the synthesis may know, the East Africa Ethiopia people haddiscovered the coffee, the Arabic people cultivated the coffee, theChinese people promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from the godto drink transform into the populace drink, the Turkish peoplescientifically invent the coffee most orthodox school to drink theusage, the South Asia people also participated in the disseminationcoffee. Obviously, the coffee can bee world one of three big drink,non-, Asian, the European people he all made the contribution forit. But, to the coffee most cherish, (culture) develops the cafeprosperously, disseminates far the coffee is the European people. In 1615 the Venetian merchant shipped back the import coffee beanVenice to open the cafe management. [ 3 ] (P11) this probably isEurope's first cafe. But, cafe boss uses is the import Turkish coffeebut non- the coffee which plants in Italy es out. In 1650, theEnglish Oxford eared English the first cafe, in 1652, Londoneared the cafe. [ 4 ] (n78-179) in 1643, Paris has opened the firstcafe, in 1650, Marseilles has also opened the cafe... ... . [ 4 ](P161) in 1684, Vienna eared the first cafe. [ 4 ] (P52) to 17century's ends the beginning of 18th century, the cafe in Europespecially was the Western Europe each major and medium small cityalready mushroom growth earance, rapid popularization. From this time on Europe (including afterwards North America) in thesocial life and the manners and customs were many has drunk coffeethis content, the street corner many cafes this scenery line. Thepeople in the cafe the leisure, chat, looked the simple theatricalperformance, discusses business, discussed the country is, eats thebetween-meal snack, talks love, the cafe has bee one kind ofwestern-style leisure place which pares forably with with theChinese teahouse. Some writers, the writer, the artist when soaked thecafe has formed in one's mind own work; Some politicians move in thecafe, some criminals plan the crime in the cafe, some brothel femalesalso draw in customers in the cafe... ... The cafe has bee theEuropean and American people's important public relations place.

According to 16th century Arabic literature "Coffee Origin" records,in 13 centuries the leaf has a Muslim 阿訇 Austria Masurium you(Sheikh Omar) to convict, 摩卡(Mocha) exiles from Yemen to Ou Saba.On the way, he saw is eating on the roadside tree's red fruit to abird in merrily the calligraphy stroke, then also tried to pick some煮水 has drunk. The small fruit has one kind of marvelous flor,after drank has been sleepy wearily, eliminates immediately. AustriaMasurium you thereupon drink the coffee fruit the usage instruction togive some big at the beginning of sickness the person. After AustriaMasurium will send into exile the expiration to return in future摩卡then and drinks the coffee fruit the usage to disseminate. (1)Austria Masurium you discovered the coffee the fable is extremelypopular in the Arabic area, I think this fable Yu Shizhuo severalpoints: First, Austria Masurium you are possibly the public figurewhich independent rediscovers the edible wild coffee. He possiblydiscovered the different wild species as soon as to plant 培种.Already verified, the coffee had the different wild species anddevelops in this foundation plants 培种, if 小果 - the Arabiccoffee (Coffea arabica), center the fruit - went against the basketgirl coffee (C. canephora), big fruit - Liberia coffee (C. 1iberica);[ 1 ] (P258-259) two, Austria Masurium you possibly are the Arabicarea most early attempt one of planter coffee public figures; Third,Austria Masurium you are promote the coffee edible and one ofcultivation public figures. We knew, when Arabic area middle ages the agriculture quite is alsodeveloped, massively plants the multipurpose crops 椰枣 and othercrops. The Arab in knows the coffee to be possible edible to drinkafter and has the marvelous effect not to carry on the manualcultivation then with difficulty to persuade by reasoning. Therefore Iextrapolated, 6 since the probably centuries he been thenfragmentary in the Yemenese area, occasionally watch, the researchcultivation coffee, you the time namely develop from Austria Masuriumfrom the l3 century for the big field cultivate. In 1454, Yemen'sMuslim dynasty officially proclaimed the mand allows to drink withand plants the coffee. (2) This indicated the coffee the planteredible before this had the quite long section of times, and hasachieved the certain scale. From this time on, the coffee and drank inthe length and breadth Arabic area widely planter with

古代非洲埃塞俄比亚人发现了咖啡，中世纪阿拉伯人栽培了咖啡。中世纪晚期，中国人促进了咖啡从神饮药饮转变为大众休闲饮料，土耳其人发明了咖啡正宗科学的饮用法，印度人参与了传播咖啡。在地理现时代(15世纪末至17世纪末)，欧洲人把咖啡传遍全世界；此后又将咖啡馆文化发展得最繁荣。所以非、亚、欧人民都为咖啡发展为今日世界的三大饮料之一做出了贡献。晚清咖啡传入我国，民国在华已站稳脚跟。改革开放以来咖啡饮用开始在中国流行，并在逐步形成自己的咖啡文化。

Ancient times the African Ethiopians had discovered the coffee, themiddle ages Arab has cultivated the coffee. The middle ages laterperiod, the Chinese promoted the coffee to drink the medicine from thegod to drink transforms into the populace leisure drink, the Turkinvents the coffee orthodox school science to drink the usage, theIndian participated in the dissemination coffee. In the geography bigdiscovery time (15 century's ends to 17 century's ends), the Europeanspread over the coffee the world; Hereafter develops the cafe cultureprosperously. Therefore non-, Asian, the European people all he madethe contribution for the coffee development for today world one ofthree big drink. The late clear coffee spreads to our country,Republic of China stands firm in Hua Yi. Since the reform and openpolicy the coffee has drunk with starts to be popular in China, andgradually is forming own coffee culture.

浪琴994超薄机芯手表没有18k金的。

原因：

1.18k金容易刮花

2.后期保养麻烦

3.容易氧化

注意：市场上流通的手表一般是镀金的，纯金的因为工艺和后期养护问题，建议谨慎购买！